Tag Archives: Health

The Physical, Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Copper

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Copper is one of the most studied and widely used metals in engineering, construction, and MEP systems. Its properties make it indispensable for electrical wiring, plumbing, HVAC components, and architectural applications.

1. Physical Properties of Copper

Copper’s physical characteristics are what make it so valuable in electrical, thermal, and architectural applications.

Key Physical Properties

  • Distinctive reddish‑orange metallic luster
  • Excellent electrical conductivity (second only to silver among pure metals)
  • High thermal conductivity — ideal for heat exchangers and HVAC coils
  • Very ductile and malleable — easily drawn into wires or hammered into sheets
  • Moderate melting point:
    • 1084.62∘C (1357.77 K)
  • Boiling point:
    • 2561.85∘C (2835 K)
  • Density:
    • 8.96 g/cm³
  • Corrosion resistance — forms a protective oxide layer in air

2. Mechanical Properties of Copper

Copper’s mechanical behavior makes it ideal for piping, wiring, and mechanical components.

Key Mechanical Properties

  • High ductility — can be stretched into thin wires without breaking
  • High malleability — can be shaped or rolled easily
  • Good tensile strength (varies by alloy and temper)
    • Tensile properties are detailed in engineering guides for copper alloys
  • Excellent formability — suitable for extrusion, forging, and cold forming
  • Good fatigue resistance — important for HVAC vibration environments
  • Work‑hardening capability — copper strengthens when mechanically deformed

3. Chemical Properties of Copper

Copper’s chemical behavior is central to its corrosion resistance and antimicrobial performance.

Key Chemical Properties

  • Common oxidation states: +1 and +2
  • Reacts with oxygen to form:
    • Copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O)
    • Copper(II) oxide (CuO)
  • Does not react with water, but slowly reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form a protective layer
  • Forms green patina (copper carbonate) over time in moist air
  • High corrosion resistance due to stable oxide films
  • Acts as a catalyst in many chemical reactions
  • Intrinsic antimicrobial behavior — scientifically validated and documented in copper alloy research

Summary Table:

Property TypeKey CharacteristicsSources
PhysicalHigh electrical thermal conductivity, ductile, malleable, corrosion‑resistant, moderate melting pointCopper mineral
MechanicalStrong, formable, ductile, good tensile strength, work‑hardeningCopper Alloys
ChemicalOxidation states +1/+2, forms oxides, corrosion‑resistant, catalytic, antimicrobialCopper Catalysts

Here are The Scientific Evidence That Copper Has Intrinsic Antimicrobial Properties

Modern research overwhelmingly confirms that copper and its alloys naturally kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi without needing chemicals or coatings. This antimicrobial action is intrinsic—it comes from the metal itself.

Below are the key scientific findings supported by peer‑reviewed studies and authoritative reviews.

1. Copper Generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Extensive research shows that copper ions trigger the formation of reactive oxygen species, which damage microbial cells.

  • Copper’s antimicrobial mechanism is “multifaceted,” with ROS generation being the main bactericidal mechanism, causing irreversible membrane damage.
  • ROS attack lipids, proteins, and DNA, leading to rapid cell death.

Why this matters: ROS generation is a built‑in chemical property of copper—this is one of the strongest proofs that its antimicrobial activity is intrinsic.

2. Copper Ions Disrupt Cell Membranes

Copper ions penetrate and destabilize microbial membranes.

  • Copper complexes “disrupt microbial membranes” and compromise membrane integrity.
  • This leads to leakage of essential nutrients and rapid cell collapse.

Why this matters: Membrane disruption is a universal antimicrobial mechanism effective against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

3. Copper Causes DNA and RNA Damage

Copper ions bind to and degrade genetic material.

  • Copper complexes interact with DNA and proteins, causing DNA cleavage and enzyme inhibition.
  • Copper ions released from surfaces lead to RNA degradation in viruses.

Why this matters: This explains why copper kills even antibiotic‑resistant bacteria and enveloped viruses.

4. Copper Destroys a Wide Range of Microorganisms

Historical and modern studies show copper kills bacteria, fungi, and viruses at extremely low concentrations.

  • Copper inhibits numerous microbes including Bacillus, Candida, Aspergillus, and others, even at low concentrations.
  • Some organisms are completely inhibited at concentrations as low as 0.04 g/L.

Why this matters: This broad‑spectrum activity is rare and demonstrates copper’s intrinsic toxicity to microbes.

5. Copper Alloy Surfaces Kill Pathogens on Contact

Scientists have repeatedly demonstrated that copper alloy “touch surfaces” destroy harmful microorganisms.

  • Research confirms the intrinsic efficacy of copper alloy surfaces in killing a wide range of pathogens that threaten public health.

Why this matters: This is why copper is used in hospitals, transit systems, and high‑touch public environments.

6. The Oligodynamic Effect

Copper ions exhibit the “oligodynamic effect”—a toxic effect on microbes even at very low concentrations.

  • The oligodynamic effect was identified in 1893 and applies to copper ions, which kill bacteria, fungi, spores, and viruses at low doses.

Why this matters: This effect is a fundamental chemical property of copper, not a surface treatment.

Summary: What Science Have Proven

Across multiple independent studies:

  • Copper releases ions that damage membranes, DNA, and RNA.
  • Copper generates ROS that kill microbes.
  • Copper surfaces continuously kill bacteria and viruses.
  • Copper works at extremely low concentrations (oligodynamic effect).
  • Copper alloys retain antimicrobial activity indefinitely.

These findings confirm that copper’s antimicrobial behavior is intrinsic, natural, and scientifically validated.

1. Physical Properties of Copper

PropertyValue / Description
AppearanceReddish‑orange metallic luster
Density8.96 g/cm³
Melting Point1084.62∘C
Boiling Point2560–2562∘C
Thermal Conductivity401 W/(m·K)
Electrical ConductivityVery high (second only to silver)
Electrical Resistivity16.78 nΩ·m at 20°C
Thermal Expansion Coefficient16.64×10−6/K
Crystal StructureFace‑centered cubic (FCC)
Heat of Fusion13.26 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization300.4 kJ/mol
Molar Heat Capacity24.44 J/(mol·K)
Magnetic BehaviorDiamagnetic
ColorRed‑orange / reddish‑gold

2. Mechanical Properties of Copper

PropertyValue / Description
Tensile StrengthModerate (varies by alloy and temper)
Yield StrengthModerate (increases with work‑hardening)
DuctilityVery high — easily drawn into wires
MalleabilityVery high — easily shaped or rolled
HardnessSoft to moderately hard (depends on temper)
Elastic Modulus~110–128 GPa
Shear Modulus~48 GPa
Poisson’s Ratio~0.34
Fatigue ResistanceGood — suitable for vibration environments
Impact ResistanceModerate
Work‑HardeningStrong — copper becomes harder when deformed

3. Chemical Properties of Copper

PropertyValue / Description
Atomic Number29
Atomic SymbolCu
Common Oxidation States+1, +2
Reactivity with OxygenForms Cu₂O and CuO
Reaction with WaterDoes not react with pure water
Reaction in AirForms protective oxide layer; develops green patina over time
Corrosion ResistanceHigh — stable oxide films prevent degradation
Antimicrobial BehaviorIntrinsic; copper ions disrupt microbial membranes and DNA
Catalytic ActivityActs as a catalyst in many reactions
SolubilityInsoluble in water; soluble in acids like nitric acid
Electronegativity1.90 (Pauling scale)

Here are Five Alloys Widely Used in MEP construction, HVAC and Architectural Applications

Properties of Five Common Wrought Copper Alloys

Table: Physical, Mechanical & Chemical Properties of Common Wrought Copper Alloys

AlloyUNS NumberCompositionKey Physical PropertiesKey Mechanical PropertiesKey Chemical Properties
C11000 – Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP) CopperC11000~99.9% CuHigh electrical & thermal conductivity; density 8.96 g/cm³Tensile strength ~200–250 MPa; excellent ductility & formabilityOxidizes to Cu₂O/CuO; high corrosion resistance; antimicrobial
C12200 – Phosphorus‑Deoxidized Copper (DHP)C12200Cu + small PHigh thermal conductivity; good weldabilityTensile strength ~200–250 MPa; good ductility; excellent tube formabilityResistant to hydrogen embrittlement; stable oxide layer
C26000 – Cartridge BrassC2600070% Cu, 30% ZnGood thermal conductivity; golden colorTensile strength ~300–500 MPa; high ductility; good cold‑workingGood corrosion resistance; susceptible to dezincification in harsh environments
C28000 – Muntz MetalC2800060% Cu, 40% ZnGood conductivity; higher strength than C26000Tensile strength ~350–550 MPa; good hot‑workingBetter corrosion resistance than typical brasses; forms protective oxide
C70600 – 90/10 Copper‑NickelC7060090% Cu, 10% NiModerate conductivity; excellent seawater resistanceTensile strength ~275–380 MPa; good toughness; good weldabilityExceptional resistance to seawater corrosion, biofouling, and stress corrosion

Common Copper Alloys: Composition & Key Properties

Table: Composition & Properties of Major Copper Alloys

Alloy NameUNS NumberTypical CompositionKey Physical PropertiesKey Mechanical PropertiesKey Chemical Properties
ETP Copper (Electrolytic Tough Pitch)C11000~99.9% CuVery high electrical & thermal conductivity; density 8.96 g/cm³Tensile strength ~200–250 MPa; excellent ductility; soft to moderately hardForms Cu₂O/CuO; high corrosion resistance; antimicrobial; stable oxide layer
Oxygen‑Free Copper (OFHC)C1020099.95% Cu, very low O₂Highest electrical conductivity among copper alloys; excellent thermal conductivityTensile strength ~220–260 MPa; high ductility; excellent formabilityExtremely low oxygen prevents embrittlement; excellent corrosion resistance
Phosphorus‑Deoxidized Copper (DHP)C12200Cu + 0.015–0.040% PHigh thermal conductivity; good weldability; non‑sensitive to hydrogenTensile strength ~200–250 MPa; good ductility; ideal for tubingResistant to hydrogen embrittlement; stable oxide film
Cartridge BrassC2600070% Cu, 30% ZnGood thermal conductivity; golden color; moderate densityTensile strength ~300–500 MPa; excellent cold‑working; high ductilityGood corrosion resistance; may dezincify in harsh environments
Muntz MetalC2800060% Cu, 40% ZnGood conductivity; higher strength than C26000Tensile strength ~350–550 MPa; good hot‑workingForms protective oxide; better corrosion resistance than typical brasses
Aluminum BronzeC95400~85% Cu, 10–11% Al, 3–4% FeHigh strength; good thermal conductivity; bronze colorTensile strength ~500–700 MPa; excellent wear resistanceExceptional corrosion resistance, especially in seawater
Silicon BronzeC65500~97% Cu, 2.8–3.8% SiGood conductivity; high corrosion resistanceTensile strength ~350–550 MPa; good toughness; good formabilityExcellent resistance to atmospheric and chemical corrosion
90/10 Copper‑NickelC7060090% Cu, 10% NiModerate conductivity; excellent seawater resistanceTensile strength ~275–380 MPa; good weldability; good toughnessOutstanding resistance to seawater corrosion and biofouling
70/30 Copper‑NickelC7150070% Cu, 30% NiLower conductivity; very high corrosion resistanceTensile strength ~350–500 MPa; high strength; good fatigue resistanceSuperior resistance to erosion, stress corrosion, and seawater

Brief Summary of Copper and Its Alloys

Copper and its alloys stand out as some of the most reliable and durable engineering materials used in modern construction and MEP systems. Their exceptional mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and long service life make them ideal for demanding environments ranging from residential plumbing to large‑scale commercial HVAC and electrical infrastructure. Copper’s excellent formability allows it to be drawn, rolled, extruded, or shaped into complex components without losing structural integrity, supporting efficient manufacturing and installation.

Beyond performance, copper is inherently sustainable. It is 100% recyclable without any loss of properties, enabling a fully circular material lifecycle that reduces environmental impact. Its intrinsic antimicrobial behavior—a natural ability to deactivate bacteria, viruses, and fungi—adds a unique health and safety advantage, especially in high‑touch or high‑traffic environments.

Copper alloys such as brasses, bronzes, and copper‑nickels expand this versatility even further. By adjusting alloying elements like zinc, tin, aluminum, or nickel, engineers can tailor strength, corrosion resistance, conductivity, and wear performance to meet specialized requirements. This combination of reliability, durability, sustainability, formability, and intrinsic functional benefits is why copper and its alloys remain foundational materials across the built environment.

Eating Together as a Family is Healthy and Necessary

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It’s always necessary to eat together as a family. During mealtime, coming together and having a common meal gives everyone a chance to have open interactions and discussions about the meal and whatever is going on around us and globally.

Discussions during family meals can be broadly categorized into catching up on the day, sharing stories, discussing opinions and planning for the future.

The topics range from daily events, schoolwork, and current events to personal memories and future plans, creating an opportunity for communication, bonding, and family connection.

Daily life and activities recapping the day:

Each member shares highlights or challenges from their day.

School and Work:

Discussing upcoming tests, homework, or professional projects.

Extracurricular Projects:

Talking about sports, clubs, or other activities.

Personal experiences and stories.

Sharing Memories:

Remembering about funny, happy or significant family stories from the past.

Ancestral History:

Sharing stories about where your ancestors originated.

Personal Interests:

Discussing hobbies, books, or new things learned online.

Opinions and Perspectives

Current Events:

Discussing age-appropriate activities and news or interesting topics from the world.

Thought-Provoking Questions:

Posing questions to encourage different perspectives and opinions.

Family Values:

Transmitting family values and beliefs through conversations.

Future plans and coordination for Upcoming events:

Discussing upcoming holidays, family events or weekend plans.

Coordination:

Confirming schedules and who is responsible for what.

Future Goals:

Talking about personal or family goals for the coming week or year.

Relationship building Asking Questions:

Parents can ask questions to learn more about their children.

Laughter and inside jokes:

Keeping the atmosphere light and fun with jokes and pleasantries.

Eating Together Matters:

Eating dinner with family provides time for conversation.

Parents can teach healthy communication skills without distractions from smartphones.

Here are some practical ways they can foster strong communication habits:

🧠 Strategies for Teaching Healthy Communication

  • 📵 Create Tech-Free Zones Designate times and spaces (like dinner or bedtime) where phones are put away, encouraging face-to-face interaction.
  • 👂 Practice Active Listening Show children how to listen without interrupting, maintain eye contact, and respond thoughtfully. This builds empathy and patience.
  • 🗣️ Model Clear Expression Use “I” statements (“I feel…” instead of “You always…”) to express emotions and needs without blame. Kids learn by example.
  • 🔄 Encourage Turn-Taking In conversations, teach the value of waiting for one’s turn to speak. This helps children respect others’ voices.
  • 📚 Use Storytelling and Role Play Create scenarios where kids practice resolving conflicts, expressing gratitude, or asking for help — all without screens.
  • 💬 Reflect and Reframe After disagreements, guide children to reflect on what was said and how it could be phrased more constructively.
  • 🎯 Set Boundaries Around Tech Explain why limiting screen time matters for relationships. Involve kids in setting family rules around device use.

5 Benefits of Eating Together as a Family – Making time for family meals is worth the effort.

Sitting together and sharing a meal provides families with an opportunity to bond, improve their nutrition, better academic performance, healthier habits, and emotional well-being.

1. Stronger Family Bonds

Sharing meals fosters connection. It’s a chance to talk, laugh, and check in with each other — building trust and emotional closeness.

2. Improved Nutrition

Families who eat together tend to consume more fruits, vegetables, and balanced meals. Home-cooked food often means fewer processed ingredients and better portion control.

3. Better Academic Performance

Children who regularly eat with their families often show improved vocabulary, reading skills, and school performance — thanks to richer conversations at the table.

4. Healthier Habits

Family meals help establish routines, reduce risky behaviors in teens, and promote mindful eating. Kids learn by watching adults make healthy choices.

5. Emotional Well-being

Eating together provides a sense of stability and belonging. It can reduce stress, anxiety, and feelings of isolation — especially during busy or challenging times.

Dinnertime is a time of respite despite the hustie-bustie of everyday life.

🍽️ Dinnertime: A Daily Respite

In the hustle and bustle of everyday life, dinnertime offers a rare pause — a moment to reconnect, reflect, and recharge. It’s not just about food; it’s about presence, conversation, and the comfort of shared routine.

Family can review the day’s events and plan accordingly for future days.

The science behind family Dinners – It’s not just about family meals, is that they bring so many good things that’s have nothing to do with the meal.

The significance of Eating Together as a Family – Decide to Commit:

“I believe that sitting around the table with the family can make a significant difference in physical health, psychological status and can strengthen family bonds.”

This simple act — gathering for a meal — nurtures more than just the body. It fosters connection, stability, and shared values in a world that often pulls us in different directions.

In a world of packed schedules and digital distractions, making time for shared meals is a conscious choice — and a powerful one. Here’s why that commitment matters:

  • 💬 Builds Communication Rituals Regular meals create space for open dialogue, storytelling, and emotional check-ins — habits that strengthen family bonds.
  • 🧠 Supports Mental and Emotional Health The predictability of shared meals offers comfort and stability, especially for children navigating stress or change.
  • 🥗 Encourages Healthier Eating Families who eat together tend to make more nutritious choices, fostering lifelong habits around balanced meals and portion awareness.
  • 📆 Reinforces Routine and Responsibility Committing to mealtime teaches time management, shared responsibility (like setting the table or helping cook), and respect for others’ schedules.
  • 🌱 Models Values and Culture Mealtime becomes a space to pass down traditions, express gratitude, and reinforce family values — whether through prayer, conversation, or shared dishes.

🧾 Conclusions: The Power of Eating Together as a Family

  • Intentional Commitment Matters Choosing to prioritize shared meals is a conscious act that strengthens family bonds and nurtures emotional well-being.
  • Mealtime Builds Communication Sitting together fosters open dialogue, active listening, and deeper understanding — essential for healthy relationships.
  • Physical and Mental Health Benefits Families who eat together tend to enjoy better nutrition, reduced stress, and greater emotional stability.
  • Cultural and Value Transmission Shared meals are a space to pass down traditions, reinforce values, and celebrate identity through food and conversation.
  • Respite in a Busy World Amid the hustle and bustle, dinnertime offers a moment of pause — a daily ritual that grounds families in connection and care.

🧠 Psychological Conclusions of Family Mealtime

  • Emotional Security Regular family meals create a predictable routine that fosters a sense of safety and belonging — especially important for children and adolescents navigating emotional development.
  • Reduced Risk of Mental Health Issues Studies show that teens who eat with their families are less likely to experience depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. The consistent social support acts as a buffer against stress.
  • Improved Self-Esteem and Resilience Conversations at the table help children feel heard and valued, which boosts confidence and teaches emotional regulation through modeled behavior.
  • Social Skill Development Mealtime is a natural setting for learning empathy, turn-taking, and respectful disagreement — all foundational to healthy interpersonal relationships.
  • Intergenerational Connection Sharing stories, traditions, and values during meals strengthens identity and continuity, which are key to psychological resilience.

KANGAROO COMICS – EPISODE 41

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kgooepisode13Kgoo Episode 41

Kangaroo Comics – Episode 6

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